NOTES: NEW OXFORD SOCIAL STUDIES FOR PAKISTAN NICHOLAS HORSBURGH LEVEL 6 2015

      (a) Where are most Islamic countries located? Why are they in this part of the world?

(b) In which parts of the world are there no Islamic countries?

a)    Most Islamic countries are in;

– the Middle East,

-Southern Asia, and

-Northern Africa.

The home of Islam is in Saudi Arabia and it spread outwards from here. Its progress was halted:

-By the solid barriers of Christianity in Europe and western Russia;

-By the virtually empty steppes of central Asia;

-By the firmly established society in China; and

-By the deserts of North Africa.

b)    There are no Islamic countries in

-the Americas,

-Europe, and

– in Australia.

In which parts of Pakistan are the deserts located?

In Pakistan, deserts (hot) are located in

– the east and south-east,

– in the centre, and in the west.

Cold deserts are found in the high mountains of the north.

            Why, do you think, does the Punjab have the highest population in the country?        

Punjab is the most populous as it is generally the most fertile.

It has a very extensive system of canals supplying water for agriculture, which is the main occupation of the people.

     Locate in your atlas the places in the cross sections on page 5 and make a list of all the mountain ranges in Pakistan and northern India.          

China

India

Iran

North-east

West

North-west

Bhutan

India

Maldives

Nepal

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

47

3288

0.3

147

796

66

1. Pakistan’s location is strategic because it is like a hinge or link that connects Western and Central

Asia to South and South-east Asia.

UAE, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Uzbekistan, etc.

          Why is the amount of rainfall so important for the climate?                    

Rainfall is important in determining the climate of a place as;

Less rainfall can make a land dry and more rain affects the temperature of that place.

1.     Crops and plants are also grown according to temperature of a place

—rice, bananas, pineapples grown in hot countries, and wheat, maize, and barley in cooler ones. But in the absence of water, either natural precipitation or irrigation, nothing will grow at all.

2.     Some crops need more water than others—rice and sugar cane need large amounts, while grass barley, and oats need less.

How high would the rainfall in Cherrapunji reach in your school, if it all stayed on the ground?

The rainfall in Cherrapunji was nearly 23 metres, enough to go over the tops of some buildings.

         Can you think of any other factors that might affect climate?            

1.LOCATION; Location on the lee side of high ground, i.e. in the rain shadow;

2. URBAN/RURAL AREAS; Urban areas (towns, cities) have higher temperature (1–3 degrees) as compared to rural areas which have open spaces and more vegetation;

3. SIZE OF A PLACE; a small island has a different climate as compared to a land mass.

              What differences would you expect to find between the home, dress, and food of a family living in Gilgit, and that of one in Singapore? Find these places in your atlas to help you Answer this question. Why is there such a difference in their lifestyles?              

1.Choose the correct answer.

a) = iii) the whole year b) = ii) equator c) = i) Altitude

d) = ii) cooler, milder e) = iii) it is very far from the sea f) = iii) fine

4. Crops generally need good soil and a sunny climate with adequate rainfall to grow well.

Agriculture cannot be successfully practised in places that are too dry, too wet, too hot or too cold.

For example, rice cannot be grown in Pakistan’s north or west as the climate is not suitable for it.

5. Atacama Desert is in Chile on the western coast of South America.

Work in small groups to collect and present information about cyclones in South Asia.

1.    -Bay of Bengal and coastal areas around it

2.    -Down to the western coast of India

3.    -Bangladesh

Cyclones mostly occur in tropical season.

Two  cyclones have hit South Asia in the last two years?

In an anticyclone, the air moves in a clockwise direction.

This means that the pressure on the ground is high.

An anticyclone normally means fine/warm/dry weather.

The winds in an anticyclone are light.

In a cyclone the winds move in an anticlockwise direction.

The pressure on the ground is low and brings bad/wet/stormy weather.

The winds in a cyclone are strong/fierce.

The only part where they are different is in the centre/eye.

Here the winds are calm.

Cyclones are dangerous because they cause great damage. Other names for storms are hurricanes, typhoons, and tornadoes.

1. a) A thunderstorm brings lightning, thunder and rain, and can cause much damage.

b) A tornado is a destructive, spinning, funnel-shaped cloud which destroys everything in its way.

c) A hurricane is a violent storm with strong winds.

d) A twister or waterspout is a swirling column of water sucked up by winds from the sea.

The measuring cylinder in the rain gauge is inside a container to prevent evaporation, as far as possible, which would give an incorrect reading.

The wind direction is important because it is a powerful factor in predicting the weather. Northerly winds generally mean cold and dry weather, winds from southerly direction, generally bring precipitation. The tail on the weather vane is to keep the arrow pointing in the direction from which the wind is blowing.

a) rain gauge b) wind vane

kc) thermometer d) barometer

The only instrument used in cooking and candle making is the thermometer.

Measuring weather and keeping records can help in many ways e.g. weather warnings can help to protect life and property, day-to-day plans can be amended in the light of the forecast, and farmers can also benefit from this and plant their crops accordingly. Other possible answers can be discussed.

                People who use wood for construction and fuel cut down trees without much thought. How does this effect forests?

Due to the indiscriminate cutting down of trees for fuel and construction, the forests which were once natural vegetation for Pakistan have shrunk in size and are only 5.2 per cent of ground cover.

As a result,

1-    deforestation and desertification is taking place.

2-    The soil is damaged and washed away by rains and floods.

3-    Trees, if planted to replace those cut down, take many years to grow and mature.

Firewood is vital in many rural areas for fuel, for cooking, and heating because there is no electricity or gas available. People used to cooking outdoors find it difficult to adapt to a new method. Also firewood is ‘free’—it just has to be cut down or collected.

The government is trying to solve this problem through

1-     electrification,

2-     provision of gas pipelines,

3-     education, and

4-    creating awareness about the importance of forests and how to preserve them.

Pakistan is not rich in mineral resources and most of its land is not suitable for agriculture. However, because of the river system, which provides irrigation, agriculture is possible. Agriculture is important because it;

1-     increases in the population and

2-     reduces import of food crop.

Sources of water for agriculture are flood water which is stored in dams and barrages, rivers, tube wells, rain water (but this is not sufficient), and irrigation.

         (a)Find out the names of the major rivers in India and Bangladesh, Look up their sources , in your atlas

School Atlas for Pakistan, p. 42-43

(b) From your atlas look up the name and height of the highest peak in Sri Lanka.

(c) Name the capitals of Nepal and Bhutan.

a) Major rivers in India are: Ganges (Ganga), source: northern Himalayas; Yamuna, source: northern Himalayas; Narmada, source: Maikala Range, Central India; Mahanadi, source: Maikala Range; Godavari, source: Western Ghats; Krishna, source: Western Ghats.

Major rivers in Bangladesh are: Brahmaputra, source: Eastern Himalayas; Padma, source: Ganges/ Yamuna (Padma is the name given to these rivers as they flow through this country).

b) The highest peak in Sri Lanka is Mt Pidurutalagala, 2518m.

c) The capital of Nepal is Kathmandu and the capital of Bhutan is Thimphu.

          Using the internet and other resources of information in your school Iibrary, prepare a tourist brochure for Sri Lanka Nepal, or Bhutan. Work in groups.

This task can be done as projects by groups of students, supervised by the teacher.

                Can you explain why Pakistan receives only a small amount of rainfall from the summer monsoons?

Pakistan receives only a small amount of rainfall in the summer monsoon because much of the rain-bearing winds are forced round the south of the subcontinent and reach Pakistan only after having crossed India where they deposit much of their moisture.

           Why do winds come in from the north-east in winter? Look at the map on page 24 to help Answer both questions.                   

The centre of Asia is bitterly cold and the air sinks. Over the sea the temperature is much warmer and the air rises.  This draws the cold air in from Central Asia.

If the Earth were stationary, the winds would be from due north, but the rotation of the world drags them to a north-easterly direction.

           How does the distribution of rainfall affect agriculture and vegetation in Pakistan? Use the climatic map for help with this question.                  

Rain determines the vegetation and crops, though not as much in Pakistan as in many other countries. Except the northern and western regions which are forested, there is generally insufficient precipitation(rainfall) to support agriculture in the absence of rain—75 per cent of the land is irrigated.

The bulk of crops are grown in Punjab in the north and east of the country where the rainfall is heaviest.

         Which part of South Asia is affected by tropical cyclones? Where and when do these cyclones originate?

-The coastal areas of South Asia, mainly Bangladesh,

-the east coast of India, and occasionally

-Sri Lanka can be affected by tropical cyclones which originate in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean.

          Following the weather chart in the newspaper or television, make a daily temperature chart for twoweeks, for your city/town.                                  

b. 21°C to 31°C

c. Below 0°

d. 10°C to 20°C

e. 32°C or more

1.i) three ii) Indian Ocean iii) Arabian Sea iv) South-west v) Pakistan

vi) Western Depression vii) Turkey viii) Snowfall ix) North-easterly x) dry

Find out more about the major crops: wheat, rice, sugar cane, and cotton, in Pakistan.

             What dishes are gram and pulses used in? Name some of the pulses you have eaten. Write out a recipe for a dish using gram or pulses.                 

        Why is butter difficult to store and transport in hot weather? Find out more about dairy products being made in Pakistan. List the names of some companies that make dairy products.           

Butter, as an animal product, has a short life under normal conditions. It melts in hot climates, and quickly goes ‘rancid’ (bad). It is better kept in a fridge, which is not always possible.

Vegetable and seed oils, from the cheapest to the expensive olive oil, are much more stable in hot climates, and in any case are healthier than butter, which as an animal fat is said to produce heart and circulatory problems.

            In comparison to India, Pakistan produces a crop in a much larger quantity. What is this?
What is the advantage Pakistan has in this regard?            

As compared to India, Pakistan produces more sugar. Pakistan grows enough sugar not only to meet consumption demands but also in excess which is exported.

central and lower

v) Nepal, Bhutan; rugs and carpets vi) rivers, lakes and coastal regions

vii) sports goods, footwear/shoes, jackets, gloves, etc. viii) eggs and meat

        Why do you think mechanization is impractical on small farms?                            

Large-scale mechanization is impractical on small plots because of such problems as turning the equipment round, getting from tiny plot to tiny plot.

The headland (the land at each end where the equipment turns) is wasted as machines take considerable space to turn round—impossible on the small plots.

              Why is so much more fertilizer needed on farms today?                

More fertilizer is needed as heavier crops are grown which are expected to feed increasing population.

1.    More ‘greedy’ crops such as cotton being grown.

2.    Soil, generally not very rich, is exhausted by constant heavy cropping.

3.    Natural fertilizers from animals and plants are not adequate.

      What are the three main problems for agriculture that Pakistan faces?

Main problems that Pakistan faces with regard to agriculture are:

a) small farms,

b) low quality seeds,

c) water shortage,

d) water logging and salinity.

1. a) – iii); b) – iv); c) – v); d) – ii); e) – i)

ii) De-forestation washes away top soil and causes soil erosion.

iii) Maldives does not have large tracts of farmland.

iv) Seepage is stopped by lining the canals with concrete.

v) Herbicides and pesticides are chemicals to kill weeds and insects that damage crops.

vi) Natural hazards like floods and cyclones are the most serious problem for Bangladesh’s farmers.

vii) Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan grow enough crops to feed their population.

Natural gas is Pakistan’s most useful mineral resource.

As compared to oil, natural gas is easier to transport and store especially for

domestic use; it is also cheaper than oil. Oil has more by-products in its refining.

Pakistan has to import oil in large quantities. Oil is used in industries and transportation. However, oil is also used in many products.

Pakistan’s own coal is not very important in industry because it is of very low quality and it produces a lot of polluting sulphur gas and ash when it is burned and also does not give out much heat.

At present Pakistan’s coal is about one third combustible—and can be used only for crude industrial processes such as brick-making. Coal may become important in future as high-quality coal has been discovered in Thar.

                The actual percentage of power produced by hydroelectric stations is decreasing. Why do you think this is.

Power produced by hydroelectric stations is decreasing due to various reasons, such as decrease in

rainfall and snowfall, global warming, dam failure. Hydroelelectric schemes are vastly expensive to

construct; they have to be built in remote regions for geographical reasons, which means costly

power lines down to settled areas.

              What other purpose do these great dams fulfil?    

Purposes of dams other than generation of hydroelectricity are irrigation, reservoirs for water supply,

habitat for wild life, and to control flooding.

Thermal power stations are located mainly in southern Pakistan so that they can be near the gas and

oil fields.

Nuclear power is fantastically expensive to set up, demands high technical skills from its work people and above all, can be extremely dangerous unless highly responsible and qualified technical staff is available.

Unfortunately, Pakistan does not have many such qualified people at the moment—a considerable number who have the skills, seek employment in developed countries where they are more highly rewarded. The great advantage of nuclear power is that once in operation it provides electricity at very low running costs; the initial set-up is of course vastly expensive.

1-    Sun and wind as power sources need a great deal more work to be done.

2-    Sun is the obvious choice in Pakistan, but the technology is at present very inefficient everywhere.

3-    Wind and sunlight produce electricity on a very small scale—especially sunlight.

4-     A wind turbine is said to produce 80 times as much in the value of electricity as it does to build and dismantle the equipment.

5-    Unfortunately, winds are so fickle.

6-    The great wind turbines used extensively in Europe are extremely expensive to build and produce limited but commercial—amounts of power.

7-    However, once installed a wind turbine is said to produce electricity at low cost.

8-     Wind turbines are very unsightly – visual pollution.

9-    To get the advantage of steady wind they are often on hilltops where they are visible for many miles.

10- They are very noisy and work only when there is wind, though careful designs allow them to work in very light breezes too.

Some of the obvious changes due to electrification in the villages would be better agricultural output because of tube wells, access to telecommunication and electronic media, and improvement in living standards, with electricity for domestic use.

                Why is it important for a country to develop as much industry as possible?

Developing industry is so much more profitable than agriculture as industrial products are far more

valuable as exports.

Using home-produced raw materials (limestone, sulphur, leather, etc.) is much more economical than importing them—oil, steel, machinery, transport.

Answer in textbook page 49.

The sulphur mines are located in Koh-i-Sultan range in Balochistan. (A good exercise to find a place

in the atlas, using the index.)

Cement: students to locate main plants on page 31 of the Oxford School Atlas for Pakistan.

Small-scale and cottage industries (a) provide an income in areas where there is little except

subsistence agriculture and (b) try to prevent migration to the cities, where there is little accommodation or work.

areas. Each city has some advantages and some disadvantages, What are these?

(Notice how far they are from the main cotton-growing areas, and the distance to

a major port for exporting the cotton and importing machinery, transport links,

workforce, etc.)

Processing of cotton needs balance of being near to industry and transport, especially by sea, as

cotton is such a major export item. Karachi and Hyderabad are outside the main cotton growing

areas, but both have industrial and communication potential, and large workforce makes them central

to cotton manufacture. Faisalabad is in the cotton belt. As said in the text, there are many smaller

areas of cotton processing and manufacturing, largely to supply local needs.

For which sports is Pakistan world-famous? Name some of our players who are known and recognized all over the world.

Hockey, cricket, squash, tennis, and table tennis. Students can name some famous players.

                Why is tourism a popular industry   the South Asian states?

South Asia is a popular destination for tourists, especially from the West, because it is exotic, the

climate in many countries is excellent; these countries are by western standards very cheap; people

enjoy the food, the scenic spots and the beaches, as well as the antiquities.

The low land height puts Maldives in danger of submersion in case of storms. The threat of global

warming and rising sea levels are a very real danger to Maldives which is only 1.5 metres above sea

level.

Which industry in India is the most well-known today? Find out and write a few

lines.

Students to research and share collected data in class.

Himalayas.

Answer with reference to atlas.

                ‘Recycling’ means making use of old and discarded things,

(a) Give two examples of how old household goods are 

(b) Can you think of some people who collect material tor 

(c) Name three causes of atmospheric pollution,

a) Old equipment/appliances are dismantled to recover and reuse any usable parts.

Wet or kitchen garbage can be made into compost.

Tins can be melted and metal reused.

Paper mashed down and made into more, but coarser paper; usually brown.

Bottles can me melted down and reused for more bottles, but this is expensive and not usually

worthwhile.

Rags, cloth can be used to make better quality paper; other metals—melted for further use.

b) Old paper, utensils, and glassware are bought by waste dealers who later sort and sell it as scrap.

c) Smoke from factories, motor vehicle exhaust fumes, chemicals from factories, domestic fires.

or have visitors dumped the litter into the water. How does this affect marine ilte?

How can this be stopped?                         

Careless littering of beaches and dumping of waste products and trash into water sources is not only

unsightly but it can also be toxic; it destroys marine life—both plants and animals—and disturbs the

balance of the ecosystem.

This can be stopped by creating awareness among people using these facilities and taking measures

to clean up.

Answers to questions 3 and 4 are based on research work and discussion.

Answers to questions 3 and 4 are based on research work and discussion.

                How do we gather information about a country’s population?

Information regarding a country’s population can be gathered from records kept and through a

census.

More languages mean more variety in the composition of a country, but each group gives much

importance to its own language, as it is a mark of its identity. In Pakistan, all languages though spoken

differently, are written in the same script. In India, there is great diversity in the range of languages

spoken and written and in the scripts also, north to south. Secondly, education and official communication may not be possible in all the languages in a country,

so there is generally one official or state language.

A good theme for discussion.

A theme for general discussion.

Chinese is obviously the language most spoken in the world, because China has the highest

population for any country on Earth.

The last SAARC meeting took place in Pakistan in January 2004.

                Why are values important for people? Describe two values that are important to you and your family.

Values are essential to living a pleasant and beneficial life. This has been explained above. Some good

values are respect for all, our elders, friends, siblings, teachers and the less fortunate; obeying the

rules of our institutions and the laws of the land; being honest and truthful—this needs much courage

at times; being caring and considerate.

                 All religions teach similar values. Name any three values that   common to Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism.           

Values common to Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism have been discussed above—helping the weak

and oppressed; respecting difference of beliefs; valuing life and protecting it. This question is open

to discussion as all major religions teach the same good values and morals.

What is the importance of human rights?

Human rights are for the benefit of all. It helps the people to understand their rights and also serves

as a reminder so that people do not trespass the rights of others.

Name three rights that you think are important for children. Why?       

A good topic for discussion.

          We have briefly talked about respect for each other and society. Find out what respect for life, respect for law, and respect for the environment means

Respect for life is valuing the life of all living things, not only a prohibition on taking life, but the

protection and improvement of life for others; respect for law means obeying the laws of our faith,

our country, our community, our school, our parents; respect for the environment is to protect the

environment and make it sustainable for all and not to harm it.

Students to discuss and share their experiences with the class.

      Reading about Mohenjo Daro, how would you describe the city?             

From the ruins, it is assumed that

a.        Mohenjo Daro was a remarkable and sophisticated city.

b.        It was well planned and laid out symmetrically as can be seen from the ruins.

c.          Houses were made of mud and bricks; they had toilets and a good drainage system.

d.        The city also had a great bath and the remains of a great hall with pillars suggest that it may have been a parliament or government building.

                        Can you suggest other things that might have happened to make the people leave? Or had they gone before new invaders swept into the subcontinent?

             Write down the similarities between the modern cart and the 4000-year-old one.                

Comparison of ancient and present-day bullock carts:

i.                -wheels virtually identical;

ii.            -curved wooden chassis;

iii.           -two oxen power;

iv.            -pole sticking up from chassis to support load.

These are present in the modern cart, but only the holes remain at the back of the ancient one; driver in same position.

               Working in groups, prepare and display presentations on the Indus Valley Civilization.

1. The Aryans came from the North-west through the Khyber Pass in 1500 bc.

b. They had no concept of money; no coins have been discovered.

c. It shows that the people knew how to grow and process cotton into cloth, and that the traded in fabrics with Mesopotamia.

d. These show that this civilization was advanced for its time as the buildings were properly planned and constructed.

                Who were the Aryans? What is their importance?

Aryans were the nomads from Central Asia who came in to the subcontinent of Asia and settled here.

The Aryans defeated the local people and soon took over most of India. They are the forefathers of

the present Hindus and the Hindu religion is based on the beliefs of the Aryans.

The caste system was brought by the Aryans. This system, based on occupations, was very rigid and

people could not change their caste. According to their occupation the people were divided in four castes as mentioned below in order

of rank and importance:

Brahmins or the priests who conducted all religious activities;

Kshatriyas or the warriors i.e. the kings and their soldiers;

Vaishyas who were the traders or businessmen and farmers;

Shudras who were the lowest in rank comprising of the servants and labourers.

Why was Sanskrit important?

Sanskrit, the language of the Aryans is important as it is the basis of many other languages such as

Hindi, Latin, French, and English.

opponents.

The Greeks were able to defeat their opponents because of the fighting strategy that they used,

which was the phalanx. A phalanx was a type of a miniature fortress of soldiers who attacked their

opponents with spears.

Timeline to be made with reference to major invasions in the subcontinent.

What were Buddha’s teachings about?

Some of BUDDHA’S TEACHINGS are as follows:

1.        Rebirth—people are reborn according to their ‘karma’ or deeds;

2.        good deeds result in better life and bad deeds result in being born in a lower state.

3.        Importance of leading a moderate life  Equal status for all people

4.          Non-violence

5.          Working honestly and diligently.

               Why did Asoka become a Buddhist?               

Asoka, the Mauryan emperor, became a Buddhist after the Battle of Kalinga, when he saw the death and sufferings of the soldiers and prisoners.

              Compare Asoka’s reforms with government reforms in the twentieth century.         

b. He left home at the age of 29 in search of truth because he was upset to see people suffer.

c. Karma means that people’s actions in life determine their fate after death.

d. Abolition of the caste system and equality for all could be the most popular.

b. He left home at the age of 29 in search of truth because he was upset to see people suffer.

c. Karma means that people’s actions in life determine their fate after death.

d. Abolition of the caste system and equality for all could be the most popular.

2. See the textbook page 83.

3. a = iv) b = i) c = ii) d = iii)

4. a = caste system; b= hospitals; c = old people; d = forbidden; e = Punishments; f = religions

                What made Gandhara an important pisaee in the paet?

Gandhara was an important state in the north-west Pakistan due to many reasons.

Some are listed below:

It was on the crossroad of trade routes.

Because sculptors, artists, writers, and teachers settled here, it was a great place for

learning.

New styles of art were created here, especially sculpture. Taxila, the capital city, was flourishing and prospering and had many monasteries and temples.

The Kushans came from Central Asia; they were Buddhists; their most famous ruler was Kanishka.

Under the Kushans their empire in the subcontinent prospered. Buddhism spread into two branches

during this period.

Harsha was a very forward-looking ruler who supported education and restored the Nalanda

University; he rebuilt the Gupta Empire that had been destroyed by the Huns. He was also an

accomplished writer in his own right. We know about Harsha from the accounts of Huien Tsang, the

Chinese scholar.

What was the significant event that took place in Arabia?

The significant event that took place in Arabia was THE BIRTH OF THE HOLY PROPHET (ﷺ) in 570ce, which leads;

-the revelation of the Quran to the Prophet (ﷺ) and

-the beginning of the religion Islam.

Where did the early Muslims migrate to and why?

The early Muslims migrated to Abyssinia to escape harassment of the leaders in Makka.

          How did Islam spread across North Africa, Asia, and parts of Europe?                   

Islam spread with the grace of ALLAH ALL-MIGHTY  in different directions as result of:

– preachers of Islam,

– military campaigns,

-traders and merchants who spread Islam when they travelled for trade purposes.

      What was the important event in the subcontinent as mentioned in the last chapter?

The significant event in the subcontinent in the eighth century was the ARRIVAL OF MOHAMMAD BIN QASIM in Sindh.

Sindh became a part of the Arab Umayyad Empire, and this event also foretold the establishment of Muslim rule in later centuries.

b) Makkah, Abyssinia, Jafar ibn Abu Talib (ra)

c) Makkah, Madina, 622ce

d) Banu Hashim, ancestors

e) 632ce

f) merchants, travellers, armies

ii) The ruler was Christian called Negus.

iii) He was impressed by Jafar’s recitation of Quranic verses in praise of Hazrat Maryam (as) and

Hazrat Isa (as).

iv) A manjaneeq is a very large catapult used in battle to hurl rocks at enemy forts during a siege.

Do you think Mohammad bin Qasim was a popular ruler? Why?

      Who do you think was the most influential ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty? Give your reasons.                        

The Ghaznavid ruler described in detail is Mahmud, obviously the most well known for his several invasions of the subcontinent which made him very rich and powerful, and the legacy he left behind.

     Why do you think Razia Sultana’s officers did not like being led by a woman? How much does this attitude still exist? Should the best person, man or woman, be allowed to rule?                        

Razia Sultana was far more capable and intelligent than her brothers and had won her father’s confidence—he trained her to be his successor. However, her brothers and other nobles of her court did not like to obey a woman ruler.

ii) Europe, subcontinent

iii) Qutbuddin Aibak, 200 years

iv) Razia Sultana, Iltutmish’s

v) Ibn Batuta, Moroccan

vi) Timur, Delhi: